HONG KONG

TAXATION

Hong Kong does not currently have a sales tax, but there has been much discussion of the need for one. In March, 2004, Financial Secretary Henry Tang announced that the introduction of a sales tax was likely to be at least three years away.

He used his maiden budget speech to make the case for the introduction of a GST-style indirect tax; quoting his words: “Hong Kong's tax base is narrow. In the long run, we need to broaden it to secure a steady source of revenue,” he observed, adding that:

“In Hong Kong, non-tax revenue accounts for about 40 per cent of total revenue, whereas the figure for OECD economies is around 14 per cent. This shows that Hong Kong has a far heavier reliance than those economies on non-tax revenue, such as land revenue and investment income.”

He continued: “Hong Kong is the only developed economy that does not have one. GST is broad-based and equitable, and is capable of yielding sizeable and steady revenue. Depending on any exemptions, a GST of 5 per cent would generate around $20-30 billion revenue for the Government in a full year."

“Besides, being less sensitive than direct taxes to the cyclical movement of the economy, GST can enhance the Government's ability to withstand the pressure on public finances brought about by an economic downturn.”

Tang announced that the government has established an internal committee that will conduct a detailed survey into the implementation of a sales tax in the territory, which will draw upon the experiences of other nations. The committee is expected to report to the Financial Secretary by the end of 2004. “After that, I will announce what will be done next. We are likely to need at least three years to implement GST.”

In his 2006 budget speech, Mr Tang said that while Hong Kong's financial position had been improving gradually, the jurisdiction still faced the problem of a narrow tax base: At present, about one in three employed people has to pay tax and most of the revenue from salaries tax comes from the minority of taxpayers.

To broaden the tax base, Mr Tang reiterated that he will consider introducing a goods and services tax - after publishing a consultation paper on the subject later in the year to seek the public's views.

"We will confirm the exact timing of this exercise after consulting the new Chief Executive," he said.

HONG KONG SCOPE OF PROFITS TAX
Profits tax is levied under the Inland Revenue Ordinance on the "assessable profits" of corporate entities, partnerships, trusts and sole proprietorships. It is levied according to the "territorial principle" meaning that it is the source of the income rather than the residential or non-residential status of the entity that determines whether or not trading income is or is not subject to Hong Kong profits tax.

The territorial principle means that only income which meets the following 3 preconditions is subject to Hong Kong profits tax:

• The entity must trade in Hong Kong
• The income must arise from such a trade
• The income must arise in or be derived from Hong Kong

The residential or non-residential status of the entity is irrelevant as is the fact that the income is or is not exempt from tax in a foreign jurisdiction. Advance tax rulings are available in the SAR and are particularly favoured and recommended on the question of whether or not for profits tax purposes trading income is deemed onshore and taxable or offshore and tax exempt.

"Source of income" for profits tax purposes has been defined as the geographical location of the operation which substantially gave rise to the income, but the Inland Revenue's Practice Note No 21 adds more precise criteria:

The establishment of an office in Hong Kong: does not of itself render a company liable to profits tax where that office is not generating profits from within the territory.

Place where the contract was negotiated and executed: A key criterion is the place where the contract was negotiated and signed. Income relating to a sale contract negotiated by the seller from the territory by way of facsimile or telephone where the negotiation did not require travel outside the territory is deemed Hong Kong source income for profit tax purposes. Likewise if the contract is negotiated and signed outside the territory and the goods sold are not sourced from within the territory then any income arising is not deemed Hong Kong source income for profits tax purposes. This is often achieved by utilizing an offshore company which re-registers in the territory as a foreign company but whose directors both remain non resident and negotiate and execute the contract from the offshore jurisdiction.

Booking Center: Where the Hong Kong entity is merely a booking center in the sense that it does not negotiate or draft the sale agreement (which is carried out abroad) but merely issues an invoice on instructions, operates a bank account and maintains accounting records covering the transaction then the income from such a transaction is not deemed Hong Kong source income for profits tax purposes.

Shares & Securities : Gains from shares and securities purchased and sold on the territory's stock exchange are deemed Hong Kong source income for profit tax purposes (assuming the entity is subject to profit tax on such an activity).

Cross Border Land Transportation: Income from cross-border land transportation is deemed Hong Kong source income if the passengers or goods are normally uplifted in Hong Kong.

Loans : Loan interest on a loan made available to the borrower within the jurisdiction of Hong Kong is deemed to be Hong Kong source income for profits tax purposes and taxable in the hands of the Hong Kong lender whereas loan interest on a loan made available to the borrower in a foreign jurisdiction is not deemed Hong Kong source income and is therefore not taxable.

HONG KONG PROFITS TAX RATES
A number of rates apply:

(1) Companies pay a standard rate of 17.5% on assessable profits.
(2) Businesses other than corporate entities pay a rate of 16% on assessable profits.
(3) Special concessionary rates of profits tax which are substantially less than the standard rates apply to the following businesses or sources of income:

- Interest or capital gains made on qualifying maturity debt instruments are taxed at 8%.
- The re-insurance of offshore risks is taxed at 8% of assessable profits.
- Life insurance businesses are assessed at 5% of the value of the premiums arising in Hong Kong.
- An entity whose business is to grant rights to use a trademark, copyright, patent or know how pays a flat profit tax of 1.75% (or 17.5% on 10%) of the payment received with all related expenses being non tax deductible. If the recipient of the payment is a related offshore licensing company the Hong Kong company must withhold and hand over 1.75% of the fee paid over.
- Income from the international operations of shipping companies is exempt from tax unless the ships are operating in Hong Kong waters or proximate to the same in which case only that proportion of income earned in Hong Kong is subject to local tax of 17.5%. Shipping profits meeting the conditions of the double taxation agreement with the USA are exempt from profits tax in Hong Kong.
- Irrespective of whether or not the company is managed and controlled from Hong Kong assessable profits are the proportion of income arising within Hong Kong (from the uplift of passengers and freight locally) to the proportion of worldwide income. Under a number of international aircraft double taxation agreements the government has agreed to include income arising abroad for taxation in Hong Kong where that income is exempted abroad under the agreement. Likewise profits meeting the conditions of the double taxation agreements are exempt from profits tax locally. The rate is 16% of assessable profits.
- The sale of goods on consignment from Hong Kong on behalf of a non resident is subject to a tax of 1% of the turnover without any deductions unless the non resident can produce accounts to show that he would have paid less profit tax than consignment tax in which case a normal rate of tax will apply .The selling of goods on consignment is deemed to be the equivalent of creating a permanent establishment.
- An entity whose business is to rent out a film, tape or sound recording for use in any cinema or television program pays a profit tax of 1.75% (or 17.5% on 10%) of the payment received with all related expenses being non tax deductible.

HONG KONG CALCULATION OF TAXABLE BASE
A number of factors including the territorial principle have created an extremely attractive fiscal regime exempting categories of income which in most other jurisdictions would normally be subject to a profits tax:

(1) Dividend income received by a Hong Kong parent company from either a resident or foreign subsidiary is not deemed income in the holding company's hands and is thus not subject to an assessment to profits tax.

(2) There is no separate schedule of capital gains tax in Hong Kong. Nor does the territory follow the practice of other jurisdictions and tax capital gains as trading income which is subject to profits tax. However by way of exception a business whose activities is to trade in capital assets is assessed to profits tax on any profits made on the sales of those capital assets as if these gains were trading income. Likewise if the asset is deemed a revenue asset as opposed to a capital asset then any profits made on its disposal are deemed trading income and assessed to profits tax. The absence of capital gains tax (often together with other factors) has had a number of fiscal consequences:

- Profits remitted to a Hong Kong parent which represent the profitable disposal of its shareholding in a resident or non resident subsidiary are not assessed to tax in the territory both because the gains are capital gains and because (in the case of a non resident company) income arising outside jurisdiction is exempt from tax under the principle of territoriality.
- The profitable disposal by a Hong Kong entity of foreign real estate is not assessed to tax in the territory both because the gains are capital gains and because of the principle of territoriality. This includes a disposal effected by means of the Hong Kong entity selling 100% of the shares in a company whose sole asset is the foreign real estate.
- Since currency gains and losses are considered to have a capital nature they are neither taxable profits nor deductible losses.
- The transfer by a Hong Kong entity of capital assets to a foreign or resident subsidiary or branch at market value and at a profit is considered a capital gain and thus does not attract tax in Hong Kong (unless the assets are classified as revenue assets).
- Rental income from foreign real estate is not assessable income in Hong Kong for profit tax purposes. (However depreciation & interest payments on loans made to finance the real estate tax are non deductible in the territory).

(3) The profits and losses of the foreign branch or subsidiary of a Hong Kong company are neither taxable profits nor deductible losses in Hong Kong owing to the territoriality principle.

(4) Interest income received by a resident or non resident business entity on deposits lodged with a financial institution are exempt from profits tax (By way of exception if the deposit was made by a "financial institution" then any interest received by the financial institution is deemed trading income for profits tax purposes and taxed accordingly).

(5) The tax treatment of loan interest payments and receipts requires a special mention. 3 situations apply:

- Loan interest repayments made by a Hong Kong borrower to a foreign lender are only tax deductible in Hong Kong if the foreign lender is a "financial institution". If the foreign lender is not a financial institution but is the parent or subsidiary of the Hong Kong borrower the interest payments are not tax deductible in the territory unless the parent or subsidiary is a connected company and is subject to Hong Kong profits tax on the loan interest receipts.
- Loan interest repayments received by a Hong Kong company on a loan made to a 3rd party are not taxable income in the hands of the Hong Kong lender if the loan was advanced to the borrower from a foreign jurisdiction such as Gibraltar. If the loan was advanced to the borrower from Hong Kong then the loan interest repayments are taxable in the territory.
- A Hong Kong parent company which borrows money to set up a subsidiary or a branch in a foreign country cannot deduct the cost of the loan for profit tax purposes since the income earned by the borrower has a foreign source. Therefore the loan should always be sourced by the foreign subsidiary or the foreign branch in the foreign jurisdiction in which it will be tax deductible.

(6) Owing to the principle of territoriality there is no controlled foreign company legislation under which the profits and capital gains of non resident subsidiaries can be taxed as if they were the profits of a resident parent company.(The converse applies in both the United States and the United Kingdom).

(7) Consolidated group accounting under which the profits of one company in the group can be set off against the losses of another company in the group so as to reduce the over all profit subject to profits tax does not exist in Hong Kong.

(8) Losses can be carried forward indefinitely. This compares favorably with other jurisdictions which only allow losses to be carried forward for a fixed period of time (usually 5 years).

(9) Since there are no debt/equity thin capitalization rules in Hong Kong a foreign parent can set up a resident subsidiary with a minimum of share capital and a maximum of loan capital and thereby reduce taxable profits arising in Hong Kong through excessive interest payments.

(10) The repayment by a foreign subsidiary to its Hong Kong parent of the principal of loan capital or share capital is free of tax in the territory including where the repayment is by way of a capital reduction or a final dividend distribution in a liquidation.

(11) The following sources of trading income are exempted from profits tax:

- Interest received or capital gains made on the purchase, retention or sale of a Government bond issued under the Loans (Government Bonds) Ordinance;
- Exchange fund debt instruments;
- Hong Kong dollar denominated multi – agency debt instruments;
- Specified investment schemes which comply with the requirements of a government supervisory authority are exempt from tax. Specified investment schemes include investments in unit trusts and mutual funds.

PROFITS TAX DEDUCTIBLE ALLOWANCES
The following allowances are deductible from assessable profits for profits tax purposes.

(1) A deduction is allowed for a contribution (or provision for a contribution) by an employer amounting to not more than 15% of the employee's annual salary into a recognized retirement scheme registered under the Occupational Retirement Schemes Ordinance. (It is in any event an offence for an employer to operate a pension scheme that is not registered under this Ordinance). Since the Mandatory Provident Fund Scheme came into effect on 1st December 2000 allowable deductions are either 5% of an employee's gross salary or a maximum of US$2,560 per month.

(2) Full deduction is allowed for charitable donations not exceeding 10% of annual assessable profits after deduction of depreciation allowances but prior to losses carried forward being added in.

(3) Hong Kong tax paid on foreign income which by law is chargeable to profits tax in Hong Kong is an allowable deduction for profits tax purposes. (N.B. foreign source income is not normally subject to tax in the territory).

(4) Any property tax already paid is deductible from income for profits tax purposes;

(5) Depreciation allowances for capital equipment are as follows:

- 100% first year allowances for manufacturing plant and machinery;
- 100% first year allowances for computer equipment;
- 60% of the cost of all other plant and machinery can be written off in the first year with a rate of 10-30% written off thereafter.
- 20% of the cost of construction of an industrial building can be written off in the 1st year with 4% per annum thereafter.
- Expenditure incurred refurbishing or renovating business premises can be written off in 5 equal instalments.
- In May, 2004, LEGCO expanded the scope of deduction for research and development expenses under profits tax to cover design-related expenses.

HONG KONG PROPERTY TAX
Property tax is levied annually on the owner or occupier of real estate located in Hong Kong. Since ownership may be split (eg an entity with a 100 year lease may grant a 50 year sublease to a 3rd party) separate assessments may be made on the same parcel of land. Property tax which is governed by the provisions of the Inland Revenue Ordinance has the following characteristics:

(1) The annual assessment to property tax is based on 100% of the annual rental income of the property less any rates paid, any bad debts, a repairs and outgoings allowance constituting a maximum of 20% of the annual rental income (irrespective of whether or not more was actually spent) and other allowable deductions. In determining "rental income" the Inland Revenue will include any premiums, service charges, management fees, rates, repairs and outgoings paid by the tenant either to the owner or on behalf of the owner under the terms of the lease. In order to assist the inland revenue to assess the rental income the owner is obliged to keep records for up to 7 years and inform the tax authorities of the actual sums received.

(2) Property tax is based on the territorial principle and is levied on buildings, parts of buildings, wharves, piers and other structures located in Hong Kong. The fact that the owner is non resident, non domiciled or a national of a foreign country is completely irrelevant and does not exempt him from having to pay this tax.

(3) The tax rate is 15% of the assessed annual rental income .

(4) Property tax is levied on a provisional assessment basis which takes into account the previous year's rental income with a tax credit being granted where the previous year's rental income exceeds the current year's rental income. Relief is also given where part of the assessed rental income is a bad debt.

(5) The following types of property are exempted from this tax:

- The properties of foreign governments;
- Charitable bodies exempted from taxation;
- Business entities who derive profits from and pay profits tax on rental income derived from ownership of real estate are entitled to a set-off of property tax against profits tax with a tax credit being granted where the property tax exceeds the profits tax;
- A corporation which purchases a property for its own occupation does not pay property tax on the deemed rental income which it could have earned if it had rented out the building.

(6) It is advisable for properties to be owned by Hong Kong corporate entities since property tax does not make allowances for either depreciation or interest costs on a loan to finance the purchase, while such costs are deductible for corporate profits tax purposes. A foreign company cannot own real estate in Hong Kong unless it is registered as a foreign company under the provisions of the Companies Ordinance.

HONG KONG STAMP DUTY
The laws on stamp duty are set out in the Stamp Duty Ordinance. Stamp duty is either a fixed fee or is calculated ad valorem depending on the nature of the transaction. It is payable on:

(1) Leases, assignments and conveyances of immovable property.
(2) The transfer of shares or marketable securities
(3) The transfer of bearer instruments (being instruments under which ownership is transferred through physical delivery).

IMMOVABLE PROPERTY STAMP DUTY RATES
2 separate rates of stamp duty are payable on immovable property:

(1) The Conveyance of a Freehold or the Assignment of a Leasehold: The rate of stamp duty is progressive and varies from US$13 if value of the transferred interest is less than US$128,000 to a maximum rate of 2.75% where the property is valued at more than US$565,875 .
(2) The Granting of a Short-Term Lease: The stamp duty rate is progressive and varies between .25% and 1% of the annual rental value depending on whether the lease is for less than one year or more than 3 years. Any agreement which increases the rent reserved by a chargeable stamped lease is itself chargeable to stamp duty in respect of the additional rent which it makes payable.

IMMOVABLE PROPERTY TRANSACTIONS EXEMPTED FROM STAMP DUTY
The following immovable property transactions are exempt from stamp duty:

(1) Non-Residential Property: Instruments transferring "non residential property" are exempt from stamp duty. Non-residential property is defined as property which may not by law be used at any time for residential purposes.
(2) Gifts to Charitable Institutions or Public Trusts: Instruments transferring immovable property by way of gift to a charitable institution or public trust are exempt from stamp duty.
(3) Approved conveyances on sale to diplomatic or consular bodies.
(4) A transaction conveying an interest in immovable property between "associated corporate bodies". Entities are defined as associated corporate bodies when one entity holds over 90% of the share capital of the other or when a 3rd entity holds over 90% of the share capital of both entities. The association must remain for 2 years after the transfer in default of which the full level of stamp duty must be paid over retrospectively. The financing of the transaction cannot come from an unassociated body.
(5) Mortgages: Mortgages are free of stamp duty.

IMMOVABLE PROPERTY STAMP DUTY ANTI-AVOIDANCE PROVISIONS
There are elaborate anti avoidance provisions in place aimed at deterring speculation. Thus where the beneficial owner of real estate executes an instrument in favour of a third party under which he undertakes to hold the real estate on trust for the third party duty is payable on this instrument as if a conveyance had taken place. Likewise stamp duty is payable where under an uncompleted contract of sale the vendor is deemed by law to hold on trust for the purchaser.

STAMP DUTY PAYABLE ON SHARES & MARKETABLE SECURITIES
Stamp duty of .225% is payable on the transfer of shares or marketable securities whereas .1% stamp duty is payable on the issued share capital of a company up to a maximum stamp duty fee of HK$30,000. In the long-term stamp duty on shares and securities is to be phased out completely.

SECURITIES TRANSACTIONS EXEMPTED FROM STAMP DUTY
The following transactions are exempt from stamp duty:

(1) Loan capital transactions, bills of exchange, promissory notes, certificates of deposit, exchange fund debt instruments and Hong Kong multilateral agency debt instruments.
(2) Transactions involving debentures, loan stocks, funds bonds or notes that are not denominated in Hong Kong currency except to the extent that they are redeemable in that currency.
(3) Stock donated to charitable bodies or public trusts which are exempt from taxation in Hong Kong.
(4) A transaction conveying stock between "associated corporate bodies". Entities are defined as associated corporate bodies when one entity holds over 90% of the share capital of the other entity or when a 3rd entity holds over 90% of the share capital of both entities. The association must remain for 2 years after the transfer, in default of which the full level of stamp duty must be paid over retrospectively. The financing of the transaction cannot come from an unassociated body.

STAMP DUTY PAYABLE ON BEARER INSTRUMENTS
The amount of stamp duty payable is 3% of the value of the instrument transferred.

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